Add full backup & restore to Settings (v0.14.0)

A new Backup & Restore card saves everything the app persists — songs, presets
(with their sample WAVs), themes, the autosaved project, and the settings +
input-binding DataStore blobs — into one .zip via the system file picker, and
restores from one.

Restore is defensive: it extracts to a staging folder and only swaps it into
place once the archive validates, so a corrupt/wrong file can't destroy current
data; it's zip-slip guarded and runs off the main thread. Since DataStore caches
in memory, restore prompts to reopen the app to finish applying. Covered by
BackupIoTest (round-trip replace, bad-file safety, empty-zip rejection).

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>

app/build.gradle.kts

@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ android {
         // (android.media.midi) and AAudio low-latency audio we rely on.
         minSdk = 26
         targetSdk = 34
-        versionCode = 30
-        versionName = "0.11.2"
+        versionCode = 38
+        versionName = "0.14.0"
 
         // We provide our own instrumentation runner if/when tests are added.
         testInstrumentationRunner = "androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"

app/src/main/java/space/rcmd/android/sizzle/audio/AudioEngine.kt

@@ -659,6 +659,24 @@ class AudioEngine(
     /** True while bus [ch] is (or recently was) clipping past 0 dBFS — drives the red VU. */
     fun channelClipped(ch: Int): Boolean = ch in chClipHold.indices && chClipHold[ch] > 0
 
+    /** The live visualization source for toolbox [slotIndex], if that slot is an effect
+     *  in some channel's insert chain and produces one (first match wins). Read on the
+     *  UI thread; the returned processor's viz fields are written by the audio thread. */
+    private fun vizFor(slotIndex: Int): VizEffect? {
+        val chains = channelChains
+        for (ch in chains) for (u in ch) {
+            if (u.slot.index == slotIndex) { val e = u.effect; if (e is VizEffect) return e }
+        }
+        return null
+    }
+
+    /** Copy effect [slotIndex]'s scope samples into [out]; -1 if it isn't a live,
+     *  routed viz effect (nothing to draw). */
+    fun effectScope(slotIndex: Int, out: FloatArray): Int = vizFor(slotIndex)?.copyScope(out) ?: -1
+
+    /** Effect [slotIndex]'s playhead (0..1), or -1 if no live viz source. */
+    fun effectPlayhead(slotIndex: Int): Float = vizFor(slotIndex)?.playhead() ?: -1f
+
     /**
      * Feed-forward, look-ahead brickwall limiter for the master bus. Results land in
      * [limOutL]/[limOutR] (no per-sample allocation). Runs on the audio thread.

app/src/main/java/space/rcmd/android/sizzle/audio/Effects.kt

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 package space.rcmd.android.sizzle.audio
 
 import space.rcmd.android.sizzle.model.DelayDivisions
+import space.rcmd.android.sizzle.model.TimeDivision
 import space.rcmd.android.sizzle.model.ToolboxSlot
 import space.rcmd.android.sizzle.model.ToolboxType
 import kotlin.math.PI
@@ -42,11 +43,27 @@ interface AudioEffect {
             ToolboxType.BITCRUSHER -> Bitcrusher()
             ToolboxType.EQ10 -> GraphicEq(sampleRate)
             ToolboxType.MIX_TIGHTENER -> MixTightener(sampleRate)
+            ToolboxType.TAPE_ENGINE -> TapeEngine(sampleRate)
+            ToolboxType.GRANULAR -> GranularGlitch(sampleRate)
             else -> null // arpeggiator / transposer / LFO are handled by the sequencer
         }
     }
 }
 
+/**
+ * An effect that publishes a small visualization snapshot for its editor to draw.
+ * The audio thread writes into plain fields/arrays; the UI reads them at frame rate
+ * (a stale value for one frame is harmless, so no locking is used). Read only through
+ * the engine, which hands back the live processor for the edited slot.
+ */
+interface VizEffect {
+    /** Copy the most recent scope samples (oldest → newest) into [out]; return the
+     *  count written (0 if nothing yet). */
+    fun copyScope(out: FloatArray): Int
+    /** Current read/playhead position within the scope window, 0 (oldest) … 1 (newest). */
+    fun playhead(): Float
+}
+
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Multi-tap tape delay: one shared delay line read by up to four independent
 // "tape heads", each with its own tempo-synced division and on/off switch. A tape
@@ -519,3 +536,195 @@ private class MixTightener(private val sampleRate: Int) : AudioEffect {
         const val GAIN_SMOOTH = 0.05f // per-sample gain ramp toward the control-rate target
     }
 }
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Tape Engine: a varispeed reel-to-reel. Audio is written into a ring buffer at
+// rate 1 and read back at `speed` (< 1 = slower = lower pitch), interpolated — a
+// classic tape brake / tape-stop. `speed` is driven by the editor's reel gesture
+// (press to brake); the engine GLIDES toward it so pitch dives and recovers with
+// tape-like inertia rather than jumping. wow (slow, tempo-synced) and flutter (fast)
+// wobble the read rate; hiss adds constant tape noise. Fully wet — the whole signal
+// runs through the tape — so at speed 1 / no wobble it's just a short constant delay.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+private class TapeEngine(private val sampleRate: Int) : AudioEffect {
+    private val buf = FloatArray(sampleRate * 2)   // 2 s ring (headroom for long brakes)
+    private var writePos = NOMINAL_DELAY
+    private var readPos = 0.0
+    private var targetSpeed = 1.0
+    private var curSpeed = 1.0
+    private var wowInc = 0.0; private var wowPhase = 0.0; private var wowDepth = 0f
+    private var flutInc = FLUTTER_HZ / sampleRate; private var flutPhase = 0.0; private var flutDepth = 0f
+    private var hiss = 0f
+    private var rng = 0x51ED2A19
+
+    override fun update(slot: ToolboxSlot, tempoBpm: Float) {
+        targetSpeed = slot.float("speed", 1f).coerceIn(MIN_SPEED, 1f).toDouble()
+        wowDepth = slot.float("wow", 0.15f).coerceIn(0f, 1f) * MAX_WOW
+        flutDepth = slot.float("flutter", 0.15f).coerceIn(0f, 1f) * MAX_FLUT
+        hiss = slot.float("hiss", 0.10f).coerceIn(0f, 1f) * MAX_HISS
+        val secPerBeat = 60.0 / tempoBpm
+        val div = TimeDivision.fromIndex(slot.float("division", 2f).toInt())
+        val wowHz = 1.0 / (div.beatFraction * secPerBeat).coerceAtLeast(1e-4)
+        wowInc = wowHz / sampleRate
+        flutInc = FLUTTER_HZ / sampleRate
+    }
+
+    override fun process(x: Float): Float {
+        buf[writePos] = x
+        writePos++; if (writePos >= buf.size) writePos = 0
+
+        curSpeed += (targetSpeed - curSpeed) * SPEED_GLIDE // tape inertia
+
+        wowPhase += wowInc; if (wowPhase >= 1.0) wowPhase -= 1.0
+        flutPhase += flutInc; if (flutPhase >= 1.0) flutPhase -= 1.0
+        val wow = sin(2.0 * PI * wowPhase) * wowDepth
+        val flut = sin(2.0 * PI * flutPhase) * flutDepth
+        var rate = curSpeed * (1.0 + wow + flut)
+        if (rate < 0.01) rate = 0.01
+
+        val i0 = readPos.toInt() % buf.size
+        val i1 = (i0 + 1) % buf.size
+        val frac = (readPos - readPos.toInt()).toFloat()
+        var out = buf[i0] + (buf[i1] - buf[i0]) * frac
+
+        var rp = readPos + rate
+        if (rp >= buf.size) rp -= buf.size
+        // Keep the read head a valid distance behind the write head: never read the
+        // just-written/future region (min gap), and never lag past the buffer (max gap
+        // — a hard brake that would fall off snaps forward with a small glitch).
+        var gap = writePos - rp; if (gap < 0) gap += buf.size
+        val maxGap = buf.size - 2.0
+        if (gap < MIN_GAP) { rp = writePos - MIN_GAP; if (rp < 0) rp += buf.size }
+        else if (gap > maxGap) { rp = writePos - maxGap; if (rp < 0) rp += buf.size }
+        readPos = rp
+
+        if (hiss > 0f) out += nextRand() * hiss
+        return out
+    }
+
+    private fun nextRand(): Float {
+        var s = rng; s = s xor (s shl 13); s = s xor (s ushr 17); s = s xor (s shl 5); rng = s
+        return s * 4.656613e-10f // -1 … 1
+    }
+
+    private companion object {
+        const val NOMINAL_DELAY = 128   // baseline read latency (samples) for interp headroom
+        const val MIN_SPEED = 0.25f
+        const val MAX_WOW = 0.03f       // ±3 % rate at full wow
+        const val MAX_FLUT = 0.008f     // ±0.8 % rate at full flutter
+        const val MAX_HISS = 0.02f
+        const val FLUTTER_HZ = 11.0
+        const val SPEED_GLIDE = 0.00012f // per-sample glide (~0.15 s) toward target speed
+        const val MIN_GAP = 2.0
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Granular Glitch: records the incoming signal into a rolling buffer and, driven by
+// Intensity, periodically "jumps" the read head back to a random earlier point and
+// replays a short grain (stutter / repeat / octave glitch). Between grains it passes
+// the signal through dry, so Intensity 0 is transparent and higher = more frequent,
+// more mangled glitches. Publishes a decimated scope of the incoming sound plus the
+// jumping read-head position ([VizEffect]) for the editor to draw.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+private class GranularGlitch(private val sampleRate: Int) : AudioEffect, VizEffect {
+    private val buf = FloatArray(sampleRate)   // 1 s history
+    private var writePos = 0
+    private var readPos = 0.0
+    private var grainLeft = 0
+    private var grainRate = 1.0
+    private var intensity = 0f
+    private var rng = 0x2F6E1DB7
+
+    // Visualization: a ring of decimated INPUT samples (the sound passing through) plus
+    // the normalized read-head position within that window.
+    private val scope = FloatArray(SCOPE_N)
+    private var scopeWrite = 0
+    private var decCount = 0
+    @Volatile private var playheadNorm = 1f
+
+    override fun update(slot: ToolboxSlot, tempoBpm: Float) {
+        intensity = slot.float("intensity", 0.3f).coerceIn(0f, 1f)
+    }
+
+    override fun process(x: Float): Float {
+        val wp = writePos
+        buf[wp] = x
+        writePos++; if (writePos >= buf.size) writePos = 0
+
+        val out: Float
+        if (grainLeft <= 0 && (intensity < 0.001f || !maybeStartGrain(wp))) {
+            // Dry passthrough — keep the read head trailing the write head so the next
+            // grain can start from "now" and jump back from there.
+            readPos = wp.toDouble()
+            out = x
+        } else {
+            val i0 = readPos.toInt() % buf.size
+            val i1 = (i0 + 1) % buf.size
+            val frac = (readPos - readPos.toInt()).toFloat()
+            out = buf[i0] + (buf[i1] - buf[i0]) * frac
+            var rp = readPos + grainRate
+            if (rp >= buf.size) rp -= buf.size
+            if (rp < 0) rp += buf.size
+            var gap = wp - rp; if (gap < 0) gap += buf.size
+            if (gap < 2.0) { rp = wp - 2.0; if (rp < 0) rp += buf.size } // don't read the future
+            readPos = rp
+            grainLeft--
+        }
+
+        // Scope: decimate the incoming signal into the ring.
+        if (++decCount >= SCOPE_DECIM) {
+            decCount = 0
+            scope[scopeWrite] = x
+            scopeWrite++; if (scopeWrite >= SCOPE_N) scopeWrite = 0
+        }
+        // Playhead: where the read head sits within the displayed window (0 oldest … 1 now).
+        var behind = wp - readPos; if (behind < 0) behind += buf.size
+        playheadNorm = (1f - behind.toFloat() / (SCOPE_N * SCOPE_DECIM)).coerceIn(0f, 1f)
+        return out
+    }
+
+    /** Maybe (probability scales with Intensity) start a new grain, jumping the read
+     *  head back to a random earlier point. Returns true if a grain was started. */
+    private fun maybeStartGrain(wp: Int): Boolean {
+        if (nextUnit() > intensity * intensity * MAX_TRIGGER) return false
+        val minJ = MIN_JUMP_S * sampleRate
+        val maxJ = (MIN_JUMP_S + intensity * (MAX_JUMP_S - MIN_JUMP_S)) * sampleRate
+        val jump = minJ + nextUnit() * (maxJ - minJ)
+        var rp = wp.toDouble() - jump
+        while (rp < 0) rp += buf.size
+        readPos = rp
+        val lenSec = GRAIN_MAX_S - intensity * (GRAIN_MAX_S - GRAIN_MIN_S)
+        grainLeft = (lenSec * sampleRate * (0.5f + nextUnit())).toInt().coerceAtLeast(64)
+        grainRate = when {                       // occasional octave glitch, likelier when hot
+            nextUnit() < intensity * 0.3f -> 2.0
+            nextUnit() < intensity * 0.2f -> 0.5
+            else -> 1.0
+        }
+        return true
+    }
+
+    override fun copyScope(out: FloatArray): Int {
+        val n = if (out.size < SCOPE_N) out.size else SCOPE_N
+        val start = scopeWrite // oldest sample in the ring
+        for (k in 0 until n) out[k] = scope[(start + k) % SCOPE_N]
+        return n
+    }
+
+    override fun playhead(): Float = playheadNorm
+
+    private fun nextUnit(): Float {
+        var s = rng; s = s xor (s shl 13); s = s xor (s ushr 17); s = s xor (s shl 5); rng = s
+        return (s.toLong() and 0xFFFFFFFFL).toFloat() * 2.3283064e-10f // 0 … 1
+    }
+
+    private companion object {
+        const val SCOPE_N = 96          // scope points drawn
+        const val SCOPE_DECIM = 96      // input samples per point → ~192 ms window @ 48 kHz
+        const val MAX_TRIGGER = 0.0009f // per-sample grain-start probability at full intensity
+        const val MIN_JUMP_S = 0.03f    // shortest jump-back
+        const val MAX_JUMP_S = 0.5f     // longest jump-back at full intensity
+        const val GRAIN_MIN_S = 0.02f   // shortest grain (hot = stutter)
+        const val GRAIN_MAX_S = 0.15f   // longest grain (gentle)
+    }
+}

app/src/main/java/space/rcmd/android/sizzle/io/BackupIo.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Reactorcoremeltdown
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
+package space.rcmd.android.sizzle.io
+
+import java.io.BufferedInputStream
+import java.io.BufferedOutputStream
+import java.io.File
+import java.io.InputStream
+import java.io.OutputStream
+import java.util.zip.ZipEntry
+import java.util.zip.ZipInputStream
+import java.util.zip.ZipOutputStream
+
+/**
+ * Whole-app backup: a single ZIP of everything the app persists under its private
+ * files dir — saved songs, themes, instrument/effect presets (with their sample
+ * WAVs), the autosaved project, and the DataStore blobs holding settings + input
+ * bindings. Restore extracts into a staging folder first and only swaps it into
+ * place once the archive looks valid, so a corrupt or wrong file can never destroy
+ * the current data. Because the DataStore prefs are cached in memory while the app
+ * runs, a restore only takes full effect after the app is restarted.
+ */
+object BackupIo {
+    // Top-level content areas under filesDir. "datastore" holds the settings +
+    // bindings Preferences files (see SettingsStore / BindingStore).
+    private val CONTENT_DIRS = listOf("songs", "themes", "presets", "datastore")
+    private const val AUTOSAVE = "autosave.sng"
+    private const val STAGING = ".restore_tmp"
+
+    /** Write a full backup of [filesDir] to [out] as a ZIP. */
+    fun write(filesDir: File, out: OutputStream) {
+        ZipOutputStream(BufferedOutputStream(out)).use { zip ->
+            for (dir in CONTENT_DIRS) addTree(zip, File(filesDir, dir), dir)
+            File(filesDir, AUTOSAVE).takeIf { it.isFile }?.let { addFile(zip, it, AUTOSAVE) }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Restore a backup ZIP from [input] into [filesDir], replacing the current data.
+     * Returns false (leaving current data untouched) if the archive is empty or holds
+     * none of the expected areas. Settings/bindings apply after an app restart.
+     */
+    fun read(filesDir: File, input: InputStream): Boolean {
+        val staging = File(filesDir, STAGING)
+        staging.deleteRecursively(); staging.mkdirs()
+        val stagingRoot = staging.canonicalPath + File.separator
+
+        var any = false
+        try {
+            ZipInputStream(BufferedInputStream(input)).use { zin ->
+                var entry: ZipEntry? = zin.nextEntry
+                while (entry != null) {
+                    val name = entry.name
+                    if (!entry.isDirectory && !name.contains("..")) {
+                        val target = File(staging, name)
+                        // Zip-slip guard: the resolved path must stay inside staging.
+                        if (target.canonicalPath.startsWith(stagingRoot)) {
+                            target.parentFile?.mkdirs()
+                            target.outputStream().use { zin.copyTo(it) }
+                            any = true
+                        }
+                    }
+                    zin.closeEntry()
+                    entry = zin.nextEntry
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            // A truncated / non-ZIP file: bail out without touching the live data.
+            staging.deleteRecursively(); return false
+        }
+
+        val looksValid = any &&
+            (CONTENT_DIRS.any { File(staging, it).exists() } || File(staging, AUTOSAVE).isFile)
+        if (!looksValid) { staging.deleteRecursively(); return false }
+
+        // Swap each restored area into place (delete the live one first so a rename
+        // over it succeeds; fall back to a copy if rename can't cross the boundary).
+        for (dir in CONTENT_DIRS) {
+            val src = File(staging, dir)
+            if (!src.exists()) continue
+            val dst = File(filesDir, dir)
+            dst.deleteRecursively()
+            if (!src.renameTo(dst)) src.copyRecursively(dst, overwrite = true)
+        }
+        File(staging, AUTOSAVE).takeIf { it.isFile }?.let { src ->
+            val dst = File(filesDir, AUTOSAVE)
+            dst.delete()
+            if (!src.renameTo(dst)) src.copyTo(dst, overwrite = true)
+        }
+        staging.deleteRecursively()
+        return true
+    }
+
+    private fun addTree(zip: ZipOutputStream, dir: File, prefix: String) {
+        if (!dir.isDirectory) return
+        dir.walkTopDown().filter { it.isFile }.forEach { f ->
+            addFile(zip, f, prefix + "/" + f.relativeTo(dir).path.replace(File.separatorChar, '/'))
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun addFile(zip: ZipOutputStream, f: File, entryName: String) {
+        zip.putNextEntry(ZipEntry(entryName))
+        f.inputStream().use { it.copyTo(zip) }
+        zip.closeEntry()
+    }
+}

app/src/main/java/space/rcmd/android/sizzle/model/Toolbox.kt

@@ -226,6 +226,30 @@ enum class ToolboxType(
         // (see MixTightenerPresets); only Strength is user-facing. Rendered by
         // MixTightener in Effects.kt, edited by ui/toolbox/MixTightenerEditor.
         listOf(ParamSpec("strength", "Strength", 1f, 0f, 1f)),
+    ),
+    TAPE_ENGINE(
+        ToolboxKind.EFFECT, "Tape Engine",
+        // A reel-to-reel varispeed tape: press a reel in the editor to "brake" it and
+        // the pitch dives like a slowing tape (the 'speed' param is driven by that reel
+        // gesture, not a slider). wow/flutter add slow + fast pitch wobble, hiss adds
+        // tape noise, and the wow wobble rate is tempo-synced via 'division'. Rendered
+        // by TapeEngine in Effects.kt, edited by ui/toolbox/TapeEngineEditor.
+        listOf(
+            ParamSpec("speed", "Speed", 1f, 0.25f, 1f),
+            ParamSpec("wow", "Wow", 0.15f, 0f, 1f),
+            ParamSpec("flutter", "Flutter", 0.15f, 0f, 1f),
+            ParamSpec("hiss", "Hiss", 0.10f, 0f, 1f),
+            ParamSpec("division", "Wow Sync", 2f, 0f, 6f, isInt = true), // index into TimeDivision
+        ),
+    ),
+    GRANULAR(
+        ToolboxKind.EFFECT, "Granular Glitch",
+        // Stutters/repeats short grains read from a rolling buffer of the incoming
+        // sound; the read head jumps around, and the editor draws it as a moving
+        // playhead over a dotted scope of the signal. One control: Intensity (how often
+        // it glitches + how mangled). Rendered by GranularGlitch in Effects.kt, edited
+        // by ui/toolbox/GranularEditor.
+        listOf(ParamSpec("intensity", "Intensity", 0.3f, 0f, 1f)),
     );
 
     val isInstrument: Boolean get() = kind == ToolboxKind.INSTRUMENT

app/src/main/java/space/rcmd/android/sizzle/ui/AppViewModel.kt

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import space.rcmd.android.sizzle.model.Pattern
 import space.rcmd.android.sizzle.model.Pitch
 import space.rcmd.android.sizzle.model.Project
 import space.rcmd.android.sizzle.model.TimeSignature
+import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
 import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.SharingStarted
 import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.StateFlow
 import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.distinctUntilChanged
@@ -221,12 +222,31 @@ class AppViewModel(
     fun kbdNoteOn(midi: Int) { markNoteOn(midi); engine.busNoteOn(kbdChannel, midi, kbdVelocity) }
     fun kbdNoteOff(midi: Int) { markNoteOff(midi); engine.busNoteOff(kbdChannel, midi) }
 
+    /** True if the on-screen keyboard's MIDI channel routes to any bus whose instrument
+     *  is a Sampler. A Sampler maps a pad to each MIDI note, so scale filtering would
+     *  hide pads — the stacked keyboards go fully chromatic in that case. */
+    fun kbdRoutesToSampler(): Boolean {
+        for (ch in project.mixer.channels) {
+            if (ch.midiChannel != kbdChannel) continue
+            val slot = project.toolbox.getOrNull(ch.instrumentSlot) ?: continue
+            if (slot.type == space.rcmd.android.sizzle.model.ToolboxType.SAMPLER) return true
+        }
+        return false
+    }
+
     /** Live VU level (peak, ~0..1+) for mixer bus [ch] — polled at frame rate by the
      *  mixer's fader VU meters. */
     fun channelMeter(ch: Int): Float = engine.channelMeter(ch)
     /** True while mixer bus [ch] is (or just was) clipping past 0 dBFS. */
     fun channelClipped(ch: Int): Boolean = engine.channelClipped(ch)
 
+    /** Copy the live scope samples for the effect in toolbox [slotIndex] into [out];
+     *  returns the count, or -1 if it isn't a routed, running visual effect. Polled at
+     *  frame rate by the Granular editor's oscilloscope. */
+    fun effectScope(slotIndex: Int, out: FloatArray): Int = engine.effectScope(slotIndex, out)
+    /** The effect [slotIndex]'s jumping playhead position (0..1), or -1 if none live. */
+    fun effectPlayhead(slotIndex: Int): Float = engine.effectPlayhead(slotIndex)
+
     /**
      * The core value-editing operation, shared by drag gestures and +/- input.
      * NOTE column cycles within the active scale; VELOCITY/CHANNEL step numerically.
@@ -929,6 +949,41 @@ class AppViewModel(
     fun writeSngExport(): java.io.File =
         songLibrary.writeExport(project.name.ifBlank { "song" }, exportSng())
 
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------- full backup/restore
+    /** Result of the last backup/restore, shown in a dialog; null when dismissed. */
+    var backupMessage by mutableStateOf<String?>(null); private set
+    fun dismissBackupMessage() { backupMessage = null }
+
+    /** Write a full backup (songs, presets, themes, autosave, settings + bindings) to
+     *  the SAF [uri] the user picked. Runs off the main thread. */
+    fun backupTo(uri: android.net.Uri) {
+        viewModelScope.launch(Dispatchers.IO) {
+            val ok = runCatching {
+                appContext.contentResolver.openOutputStream(uri)?.use {
+                    space.rcmd.android.sizzle.io.BackupIo.write(appContext.filesDir, it)
+                } != null
+            }.getOrDefault(false)
+            backupMessage = if (ok) "Backup saved." else "Couldn't write the backup."
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Restore a full backup from the SAF [uri], replacing all current data. Settings
+     *  and bindings apply after the app is restarted. Runs off the main thread. */
+    fun restoreFrom(uri: android.net.Uri) {
+        viewModelScope.launch(Dispatchers.IO) {
+            val ok = runCatching {
+                appContext.contentResolver.openInputStream(uri)?.use {
+                    space.rcmd.android.sizzle.io.BackupIo.read(appContext.filesDir, it)
+                } ?: false
+            }.getOrDefault(false)
+            backupMessage = if (ok) {
+                "Backup restored. Close and reopen the app to finish applying it."
+            } else {
+                "Restore failed — that doesn't look like a Sizzletracker backup."
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     // ------------------------------------------------------ instrument/effect presets
     /** Preset names available for a device type (for the editor's browser dropdown). */
     fun presetNames(type: space.rcmd.android.sizzle.model.ToolboxType): List<String> =

app/src/main/java/space/rcmd/android/sizzle/ui/StackedKeyboard.kt

@@ -28,6 +28,9 @@ import space.rcmd.android.sizzle.ui.theme.LocalRetro
 
 private const val VEL_STEP = 8
 
+/** All twelve pitch classes — used when scale filtering is bypassed (Sampler routing). */
+private val CHROMATIC: Set<Int> = (0..11).toSet()
+
 /**
  * A stacked two-octave keyboard shared by the Toolbox (audition) and Tracker
  * (punch-in) tabs. Its channel, octave range and velocity live on the
@@ -41,9 +44,14 @@ fun StackedKeyboard(vm: AppViewModel, punchIn: Boolean, modifier: Modifier) {
     val c = LocalRetro.current
     @Suppress("UNUSED_VARIABLE") val rev = vm.revision // refresh key filtering on scale/root change
     // Only in-scale keys are playable on BOTH the tracker punch-in and the toolbox
-    // audition keyboard (Chromatic yields all twelve = every key stays enabled).
+    // audition keyboard (Chromatic yields all twelve = every key stays enabled). But a
+    // Sampler maps a pad to each MIDI note, so scale filtering would hide pads — when
+    // the keyboard's channel routes to a Sampler, go fully chromatic so every pad is
+    // reachable.
     val root = vm.project.rootNote
-    val inKey: Set<Int> = vm.project.scale.intervals.map { (it + root) % 12 }.toSet()
+    val inKey: Set<Int> =
+        if (vm.kbdRoutesToSampler()) CHROMATIC
+        else vm.project.scale.intervals.map { (it + root) % 12 }.toSet()
     Column(
         modifier.fillMaxWidth().background(c.background).padding(6.dp),
         verticalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(4.dp),

app/src/main/java/space/rcmd/android/sizzle/ui/components/Knob.kt

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import androidx.compose.ui.geometry.Offset
 import androidx.compose.ui.input.pointer.pointerInput
 import androidx.compose.ui.text.font.FontFamily
 import androidx.compose.ui.text.style.TextAlign
+import androidx.compose.ui.unit.Dp
 import androidx.compose.ui.unit.dp
 import androidx.compose.ui.unit.sp
 import space.rcmd.android.sizzle.ui.theme.LocalRetro
@@ -51,6 +52,7 @@ fun Knob(
     valueText: String,
     modifier: Modifier = Modifier,
     default: Float = min,
+    knobSize: Dp = 44.dp,
     onChange: (Float) -> Unit,
 ) {
     val c = LocalRetro.current
@@ -71,7 +73,7 @@ fun Knob(
         )
         Canvas(
             Modifier
-                .size(44.dp)
+                .size(knobSize)
                 .pointerInput(min, max) {
                     // Relative: slide up to raise, down to lower. A full min..max sweep
                     // takes KNOB_TRAVEL_DP of vertical travel (not the 44dp knob height),

app/src/main/java/space/rcmd/android/sizzle/ui/settings/SettingsScreen.kt

@@ -94,6 +94,7 @@ fun SettingsScreen(vm: AppViewModel) {
         ) {
             item { PanicButton(vm) }
             item { ProjectCard(vm) }
+            item { BackupCard(vm) }
             item { HelpCard() }
             item { AudioDevicesCard(vm) }
             item { InterfaceCard(vm) }
@@ -372,6 +373,57 @@ private fun AudioDevicesCard(vm: AppViewModel) {
     }
 }
 
+/** Whole-app backup to a single ZIP (songs, presets, themes, settings + bindings)
+ *  and restore from one. Restore is destructive and needs an app restart. */
+@Composable
+private fun BackupCard(vm: AppViewModel) {
+    var confirmRestore by remember { mutableStateOf<Uri?>(null) }
+    val backupPicker = rememberLauncherForActivityResult(
+        ActivityResultContracts.CreateDocument("application/zip"),
+    ) { uri -> uri?.let { vm.backupTo(it) } }
+    val restorePicker = rememberLauncherForActivityResult(
+        ActivityResultContracts.OpenDocument(),
+    ) { uri -> if (uri != null) confirmRestore = uri }
+
+    SettingsCard("Backup & Restore", subtitle = "Save or restore all songs, presets, themes & settings") {
+        Row(horizontalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(8.dp)) {
+            OutlinedButton(onClick = { backupPicker.launch("sizzletracker-backup.zip") }) { Text("Back up all") }
+            OutlinedButton(onClick = { restorePicker.launch(arrayOf("application/zip", "application/octet-stream", "*/*")) }) {
+                Text("Restore")
+            }
+        }
+        Text(
+            "Backup writes one .zip. Restore replaces ALL current data and takes effect " +
+                "after you reopen the app.",
+            style = MaterialTheme.typography.bodySmall, color = MaterialTheme.colorScheme.onSurfaceVariant,
+        )
+    }
+
+    confirmRestore?.let { uri ->
+        AlertDialog(
+            onDismissRequest = { confirmRestore = null },
+            title = { Text("Restore backup?") },
+            text = {
+                Text(
+                    "This replaces all current songs, presets, themes and settings with the " +
+                        "backup's contents. This can't be undone.",
+                )
+            },
+            confirmButton = { TextButton(onClick = { vm.restoreFrom(uri); confirmRestore = null }) { Text("Restore") } },
+            dismissButton = { TextButton(onClick = { confirmRestore = null }) { Text("Cancel") } },
+        )
+    }
+
+    vm.backupMessage?.let { msg ->
+        AlertDialog(
+            onDismissRequest = { vm.dismissBackupMessage() },
+            title = { Text("Backup & Restore") },
+            text = { Text(msg) },
+            confirmButton = { TextButton(onClick = { vm.dismissBackupMessage() }) { Text("OK") } },
+        )
+    }
+}
+
 /** About + external links: app version, source, user guide, and support. */
 @Composable
 private fun HelpCard() {

app/src/main/java/space/rcmd/android/sizzle/ui/toolbox/GranularEditor.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Reactorcoremeltdown
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
+package space.rcmd.android.sizzle.ui.toolbox
+
+import androidx.compose.foundation.Canvas
+import androidx.compose.foundation.background
+import androidx.compose.foundation.border
+import androidx.compose.foundation.gestures.detectDragGestures
+import androidx.compose.foundation.gestures.detectTapGestures
+import androidx.compose.foundation.layout.Arrangement
+import androidx.compose.foundation.layout.Box
+import androidx.compose.foundation.layout.Column
+import androidx.compose.foundation.layout.Row
+import androidx.compose.foundation.layout.fillMaxHeight
+import androidx.compose.foundation.layout.fillMaxWidth
+import androidx.compose.foundation.layout.height
+import androidx.compose.foundation.layout.width
+import androidx.compose.material3.Text
+import androidx.compose.runtime.Composable
+import androidx.compose.runtime.getValue
+import androidx.compose.runtime.mutableFloatStateOf
+import androidx.compose.runtime.mutableIntStateOf
+import androidx.compose.runtime.remember
+import androidx.compose.runtime.setValue
+import androidx.compose.runtime.withFrameNanos
+import androidx.compose.runtime.LaunchedEffect
+import androidx.compose.ui.Alignment
+import androidx.compose.ui.Modifier
+import androidx.compose.ui.geometry.Offset
+import androidx.compose.ui.graphics.RectangleShape
+import androidx.compose.ui.input.pointer.pointerInput
+import androidx.compose.ui.text.font.FontFamily
+import androidx.compose.ui.text.style.TextAlign
+import androidx.compose.ui.unit.dp
+import androidx.compose.ui.unit.sp
+import space.rcmd.android.sizzle.model.ToolboxSlot
+import space.rcmd.android.sizzle.ui.AppViewModel
+import space.rcmd.android.sizzle.ui.theme.LocalRetro
+import kotlin.math.roundToInt
+
+/**
+ * Editor for the [space.rcmd.android.sizzle.model.ToolboxType.GRANULAR] effect: a
+ * dotted oscilloscope of the sound passing through with the granular read head drawn
+ * as a jumping playhead, and one horizontal Intensity slider below. The scope only
+ * shows data while the effect is placed on a mixer channel that is receiving signal.
+ */
+@Composable
+fun GranularEditor(vm: AppViewModel, slot: ToolboxSlot) {
+    val c = LocalRetro.current
+    @Suppress("UNUSED_VARIABLE") val rev = vm.revision
+    val mono = FontFamily.Monospace
+
+    // Polled once per frame from the audio engine: the scope samples, the playhead
+    // position, and how many samples are live (-1 = not routed / no signal).
+    val scope = remember { FloatArray(SCOPE_CAP) }
+    var count by remember { mutableIntStateOf(-1) }
+    var playhead by remember { mutableFloatStateOf(-1f) }
+    var tick by remember { mutableIntStateOf(0) }
+    LaunchedEffect(slot.index) {
+        while (true) {
+            withFrameNanos { }
+            count = vm.effectScope(slot.index, scope)
+            playhead = vm.effectPlayhead(slot.index)
+            tick++
+        }
+    }
+
+    Column(
+        Modifier.fillMaxWidth(),
+        horizontalAlignment = Alignment.CenterHorizontally,
+        verticalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(8.dp),
+    ) {
+        Box(
+            Modifier.fillMaxWidth().height(160.dp).background(c.background).border(1.dp, c.grid, RectangleShape),
+        ) {
+            Canvas(Modifier.fillMaxWidth().height(160.dp)) {
+                @Suppress("UNUSED_EXPRESSION") tick // subscribe the draw to the per-frame updates
+                val w = size.width
+                val h = size.height
+                val cy = h * 0.5f
+                val amp = h * 0.42f
+                drawLine(c.grid, Offset(0f, cy), Offset(w, cy), strokeWidth = 1f) // baseline
+                val n = count
+                if (n > 1) {
+                    // Dotted waveform of the signal passing through.
+                    val step = w / (n - 1)
+                    for (k in 0 until n) {
+                        val y = cy - scope[k].coerceIn(-1f, 1f) * amp
+                        drawCircle(c.textDim, radius = 2f, center = Offset(k * step, y))
+                    }
+                    // Jumping playhead over the scope.
+                    val ph = playhead
+                    if (ph in 0f..1f) {
+                        val px = ph * w
+                        drawLine(c.accent, Offset(px, 0f), Offset(px, h), strokeWidth = 2f)
+                        drawCircle(c.accent, radius = 4f, center = Offset(px, cy))
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (count < 0) {
+                Text(
+                    "Add to a mixer channel's FX and play to see the scope.",
+                    color = c.textDim, fontFamily = mono, fontSize = 11.sp,
+                    textAlign = TextAlign.Center,
+                    modifier = Modifier.align(Alignment.Center).fillMaxWidth(),
+                )
+            }
+        }
+
+        val intensity = slot.float("intensity", 0.3f).coerceIn(0f, 1f)
+        Text("Intensity  ${(intensity * 100).roundToInt()}%",
+            color = c.accent, fontFamily = mono, fontSize = 12.sp)
+        HorizontalSlider(
+            value = intensity,
+            onValueChange = { slot.set("intensity", it.coerceIn(0f, 1f)); vm.bumpForToolbar() },
+            modifier = Modifier.fillMaxWidth().height(40.dp),
+        )
+        Text(
+            "Low = occasional stutters · High = constant glitch & octave jumps.",
+            color = c.textDim, fontFamily = mono, fontSize = 10.sp,
+            textAlign = TextAlign.Center, modifier = Modifier.fillMaxWidth(),
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+/** A horizontal fill-from-left slider matching the app's retro faders. */
+@Composable
+private fun HorizontalSlider(value: Float, onValueChange: (Float) -> Unit, modifier: Modifier) {
+    val c = LocalRetro.current
+    Box(
+        modifier
+            .border(1.dp, c.grid, RectangleShape)
+            .background(c.background)
+            .pointerInput(Unit) {
+                detectTapGestures { off -> onValueChange(off.x / size.width) }
+            }
+            .pointerInput(Unit) {
+                detectDragGestures { change, _ -> change.consume(); onValueChange(change.position.x / size.width) }
+            },
+        contentAlignment = Alignment.CenterStart,
+    ) {
+        Box(
+            Modifier
+                .fillMaxHeight()
+                .fillMaxWidth(value.coerceIn(0.001f, 1f))
+                .background(c.accent.copy(alpha = 0.30f)),
+            contentAlignment = Alignment.CenterEnd,
+        ) {
+            Box(Modifier.fillMaxHeight().width(3.dp).background(c.accent)) // thumb
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+private const val SCOPE_CAP = 128 // UI buffer; the engine fills up to its own scope size

app/src/main/java/space/rcmd/android/sizzle/ui/toolbox/TapeEngineEditor.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Reactorcoremeltdown
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
+package space.rcmd.android.sizzle.ui.toolbox
+
+import androidx.compose.foundation.Canvas
+import androidx.compose.foundation.background
+import androidx.compose.foundation.gestures.detectTapGestures
+import androidx.compose.foundation.layout.Arrangement
+import androidx.compose.foundation.layout.Box
+import androidx.compose.foundation.layout.Column
+import androidx.compose.foundation.layout.Row
+import androidx.compose.foundation.layout.fillMaxWidth
+import androidx.compose.foundation.layout.height
+import androidx.compose.foundation.layout.padding
+import androidx.compose.material3.Text
+import androidx.compose.runtime.Composable
+import androidx.compose.runtime.getValue
+import androidx.compose.runtime.mutableFloatStateOf
+import androidx.compose.runtime.remember
+import androidx.compose.runtime.setValue
+import androidx.compose.runtime.withFrameNanos
+import androidx.compose.runtime.LaunchedEffect
+import androidx.compose.ui.Alignment
+import androidx.compose.ui.Modifier
+import androidx.compose.ui.geometry.CornerRadius
+import androidx.compose.ui.geometry.Offset
+import androidx.compose.ui.geometry.Size
+import androidx.compose.ui.graphics.Color
+import androidx.compose.ui.graphics.Path
+import androidx.compose.ui.graphics.drawscope.DrawScope
+import androidx.compose.ui.graphics.drawscope.Stroke
+import androidx.compose.ui.input.pointer.pointerInput
+import androidx.compose.ui.text.font.FontFamily
+import androidx.compose.ui.text.style.TextAlign
+import androidx.compose.ui.unit.dp
+import androidx.compose.ui.unit.sp
+import space.rcmd.android.sizzle.model.TimeDivision
+import space.rcmd.android.sizzle.model.ToolboxSlot
+import space.rcmd.android.sizzle.ui.AppViewModel
+import space.rcmd.android.sizzle.ui.components.Knob
+import space.rcmd.android.sizzle.ui.theme.LocalRetro
+import kotlin.math.cos
+import kotlin.math.hypot
+import kotlin.math.min
+import kotlin.math.roundToInt
+import kotlin.math.sin
+
+/**
+ * Editor for the [space.rcmd.android.sizzle.model.ToolboxType.TAPE_ENGINE] effect,
+ * drawn as a reel-to-reel tape transport: two NAB reels (metal flange with three
+ * rounded-triangular bobbin holes) feeding tape down to a playhead block between them
+ * under tension. **Press and hold a reel to brake it** — the tape (and its pitch)
+ * dives, then springs back when released. Below is a row of vintage round knobs: wow,
+ * flutter, hiss, and the tempo-sync division for the wow wobble.
+ */
+@Composable
+fun TapeEngineEditor(vm: AppViewModel, slot: ToolboxSlot) {
+    val c = LocalRetro.current
+    @Suppress("UNUSED_VARIABLE") val rev = vm.revision
+    val mono = FontFamily.Monospace
+
+    // Rotation + a display speed eased toward the slot's target, so the reels dive and
+    // recover in step with the audio's own glide. Advanced once per frame.
+    var angle by remember { mutableFloatStateOf(0f) }
+    var displaySpeed by remember { mutableFloatStateOf(1f) }
+    LaunchedEffect(slot.index) {
+        while (true) {
+            withFrameNanos { }
+            val target = slot.float("speed", 1f).coerceIn(0.25f, 1f)
+            displaySpeed += (target - displaySpeed) * 0.10f
+            angle = (angle + displaySpeed * DEG_PER_FRAME) % 360f
+        }
+    }
+
+    fun setSpeed(v: Float) { slot.set("speed", v.coerceIn(0.25f, 1f)); vm.bumpForToolbar() }
+
+    Column(
+        Modifier.fillMaxWidth(),
+        horizontalAlignment = Alignment.CenterHorizontally,
+        verticalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(8.dp),
+    ) {
+        Box(
+            Modifier
+                .fillMaxWidth()
+                .height(180.dp)
+                .background(c.surface)
+                // Press a reel to brake the tape; release to let it spin back up.
+                .pointerInput(slot.index) {
+                    detectTapGestures(
+                        onPress = { off ->
+                            if (overReel(off, size.width.toFloat(), size.height.toFloat())) {
+                                setSpeed(BRAKE_SPEED)
+                                tryAwaitRelease()
+                                setSpeed(1f)
+                            }
+                        },
+                    )
+                },
+        ) {
+            Canvas(Modifier.fillMaxWidth().height(180.dp)) {
+                val cx0 = size.width * REEL_L_X
+                val cx1 = size.width * REEL_R_X
+                val cy = size.height * REEL_CY
+                val r = min(size.height * 0.30f, size.width * 0.20f)
+
+                // Playhead block between + below the reels.
+                val hw = (cx1 - cx0) * 0.46f
+                val hh = size.height * 0.13f
+                val hx = size.width * 0.5f
+                val hy = cy + r + size.height * 0.14f
+                val tl = Offset(hx - hw / 2f, hy - hh / 2f)
+                val tr = Offset(hx + hw / 2f, hy - hh / 2f)
+
+                // Tensioned tape: from each reel's bottom straight down to the playhead
+                // and across its top. No line over the top of the reels.
+                val p0 = Offset(cx0, cy + r)
+                val p1 = Offset(cx1, cy + r)
+                val tape = c.textDim
+                drawLine(tape, p0, tl, strokeWidth = 2.5f)
+                drawLine(tape, tl, tr, strokeWidth = 2.5f)
+                drawLine(tape, tr, p1, strokeWidth = 2.5f)
+
+                // Playhead (rounded rectangle) drawn over the tape it tensions.
+                drawRoundRect(
+                    color = c.grid, topLeft = Offset(hx - hw / 2f, hy - hh / 2f),
+                    size = Size(hw, hh), cornerRadius = CornerRadius(hh * 0.45f, hh * 0.45f),
+                )
+                drawRoundRect(
+                    color = c.accent, topLeft = Offset(hx - hw / 2f, hy - hh / 2f),
+                    size = Size(hw, hh), cornerRadius = CornerRadius(hh * 0.45f, hh * 0.45f),
+                    style = Stroke(width = 2f),
+                )
+                // Head gap slit in the middle of the playhead.
+                drawLine(c.accent, Offset(hx, hy - hh / 2f + 3f), Offset(hx, hy + hh / 2f - 3f), strokeWidth = 2f)
+
+                drawReel(cx0, cy, r, angle, c.accent, c.grid, c.surface, c.textDim)
+                drawReel(cx1, cy, r, angle, c.accent, c.grid, c.surface, c.textDim)
+            }
+        }
+        Text(
+            "Hold a reel to brake the tape — pitch dives, then springs back.",
+            color = c.textDim, fontFamily = mono, fontSize = 11.sp,
+            textAlign = TextAlign.Center, modifier = Modifier.fillMaxWidth(),
+        )
+
+        // Vintage round knobs, all in a row (each weighted so all four fit).
+        val divIdx = slot.float("division", 2f).toInt().coerceIn(0, TimeDivision.entries.lastIndex)
+        Row(
+            Modifier.fillMaxWidth().padding(top = 2.dp),
+            horizontalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(6.dp),
+            verticalAlignment = Alignment.Top,
+        ) {
+            PercentKnob(vm, slot, "wow", "WOW", 0.15f, Modifier.weight(1f))
+            PercentKnob(vm, slot, "flutter", "FLUTTER", 0.15f, Modifier.weight(1f))
+            PercentKnob(vm, slot, "hiss", "HISS", 0.10f, Modifier.weight(1f))
+            Knob(
+                label = "WOW SYNC",
+                value = divIdx.toFloat(), min = 0f, max = TimeDivision.entries.lastIndex.toFloat(),
+                valueText = TimeDivision.fromIndex(divIdx).label, default = 2f,
+                modifier = Modifier.weight(1f), knobSize = KNOB_SIZE,
+                onChange = { v ->
+                    slot.set("division", v.roundToInt().coerceIn(0, TimeDivision.entries.lastIndex).toFloat())
+                    vm.bumpForToolbar()
+                },
+            )
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/** A 0..1 knob showing its value as a percentage, writing [key] on the slot. */
+@Composable
+private fun PercentKnob(vm: AppViewModel, slot: ToolboxSlot, key: String, label: String, default: Float, modifier: Modifier) {
+    @Suppress("UNUSED_VARIABLE") val rev = vm.revision
+    val value = slot.float(key, default).coerceIn(0f, 1f)
+    Knob(
+        label = label, value = value, min = 0f, max = 1f,
+        valueText = "${(value * 100).roundToInt()}%", default = default,
+        modifier = modifier, knobSize = KNOB_SIZE,
+        onChange = { slot.set(key, it.coerceIn(0f, 1f)); vm.bumpForToolbar() },
+    )
+}
+
+/** True if [off] is within either reel's circle (used to gate the brake gesture). */
+private fun overReel(off: Offset, w: Float, h: Float): Boolean {
+    val cy = h * REEL_CY
+    val r = min(h * 0.30f, w * 0.20f)
+    return hypot(off.x - w * REEL_L_X, off.y - cy) <= r ||
+        hypot(off.x - w * REEL_R_X, off.y - cy) <= r
+}
+
+/** Draw one NAB reel: metal flange, three rotating rounded-triangular bobbin holes,
+ *  and the hub in the centre. */
+private fun DrawScope.drawReel(
+    cx: Float, cy: Float, r: Float, angle: Float,
+    accent: Color, flange: Color, hole: Color, rim: Color,
+) {
+    val center = Offset(cx, cy)
+    drawCircle(flange, radius = r, center = center)                              // metal flange
+    for (k in 0 until 3) drawPath(bobbinHole(cx, cy, r, angle + k * 120f), hole) // trapezoidal cutouts
+    drawCircle(hole, radius = r * 0.26f, center = center)                        // bobbin centre (open)
+    drawCircle(accent, radius = r * 0.26f, center = center, style = Stroke(width = 3f))
+    drawCircle(accent, radius = r * 0.14f, center = center, style = Stroke(width = 2f))
+    drawCircle(rim, radius = r, center = center, style = Stroke(width = 2.5f))   // flange edge
+}
+
+/** One rounded-trapezoidal bobbin hole at [thetaDeg] around the reel: wide toward the
+ *  hub, narrow toward the rim (the narrow side faces outward). */
+private fun bobbinHole(cx: Float, cy: Float, r: Float, thetaDeg: Float): Path {
+    val rIn = r * 0.40f; val rOut = r * 0.86f
+    val inner = 44f     // angular half-spread at the hub (wide side)
+    val outer = 13f     // angular half-spread at the rim (narrow side)
+    val innerL = polar(cx, cy, rIn, thetaDeg - inner)
+    val outerL = polar(cx, cy, rOut, thetaDeg - outer)
+    val outerR = polar(cx, cy, rOut, thetaDeg + outer)
+    val innerR = polar(cx, cy, rIn, thetaDeg + inner)
+    return roundedPoly(arrayOf(innerL, outerL, outerR, innerR), r * 0.09f)
+}
+
+/** A closed polygon through [v] with every corner rounded to radius [corner]. */
+private fun roundedPoly(v: Array<Offset>, corner: Float): Path {
+    val n = v.size
+    val path = Path()
+    for (i in 0 until n) {
+        val curr = v[i]
+        val prev = v[(i + n - 1) % n]
+        val next = v[(i + 1) % n]
+        val a = curr + toward(curr, prev, corner) // approach point on the incoming edge
+        val b = curr + toward(curr, next, corner) // leave point on the outgoing edge
+        if (i == 0) path.moveTo(a.x, a.y) else path.lineTo(a.x, a.y)
+        path.quadraticBezierTo(curr.x, curr.y, b.x, b.y)
+    }
+    path.close()
+    return path
+}
+
+/** Vector of length [len] from [from] toward [to]. */
+private fun toward(from: Offset, to: Offset, len: Float): Offset {
+    val dx = to.x - from.x; val dy = to.y - from.y
+    val d = hypot(dx, dy).coerceAtLeast(1e-3f)
+    return Offset(dx / d * len, dy / d * len)
+}
+
+private fun polar(cx: Float, cy: Float, rad: Float, deg: Float): Offset {
+    val a = Math.toRadians(deg.toDouble())
+    return Offset(cx + rad * cos(a).toFloat(), cy + rad * sin(a).toFloat())
+}
+
+private val KNOB_SIZE = 58.dp         // a touch bigger than the default 44 dp knob
+private const val DEG_PER_FRAME = 6f  // ~1 rev/sec at 60 fps and full speed
+private const val BRAKE_SPEED = 0.5f  // target while a reel is held (≈ one octave down)
+private const val REEL_L_X = 0.30f
+private const val REEL_R_X = 0.70f
+private const val REEL_CY = 0.38f     // reel centre as a fraction of the canvas height

app/src/main/java/space/rcmd/android/sizzle/ui/toolbox/ToolboxScreen.kt

@@ -242,29 +242,45 @@ private fun SlotTile(
     }
 }
 
-/** A simple overlay list of all available instruments and effects to load. */
+/** A simple overlay list of all available devices, grouped into instruments, MIDI
+ *  effects and audio effects (separated by a gap + header). */
 @Composable
 private fun DevicePicker(onDismiss: () -> Unit, onPick: (ToolboxType) -> Unit) {
     val c = LocalRetro.current
+    // MIDI effects alter note generation (handled by the sequencer); every other
+    // effect processes audio. Split the two so the list reads in three clear groups.
+    val midiEffects = setOf(ToolboxType.ARPEGGIATOR, ToolboxType.TRANSPOSER, ToolboxType.LFO)
+    val groups = listOf(
+        "INSTRUMENTS" to ToolboxType.entries.filter { it.isInstrument },
+        "MIDI EFFECTS" to ToolboxType.entries.filter { !it.isInstrument && it in midiEffects },
+        "AUDIO EFFECTS" to ToolboxType.entries.filter { !it.isInstrument && it !in midiEffects },
+    )
     Box(
         Modifier.fillMaxSize().background(c.background.copy(alpha = 0.92f))
             .pointerInput(Unit) { detectTapGestures { onDismiss() } },
         contentAlignment = Alignment.Center,
     ) {
-        Column(Modifier.padding(16.dp)) {
-            Text("SELECT DEVICE", color = c.accent, fontFamily = FontFamily.Monospace, fontSize = 14.sp)
-            ToolboxType.entries.forEach { type ->
+        Column(Modifier.fillMaxHeight().padding(16.dp).verticalScroll(rememberScrollState())) {
+            Text("SELECT DEVICE", color = c.accent, fontFamily = FontFamily.Monospace, fontSize = 16.sp)
+            groups.forEach { (header, types) ->
+                Spacer(Modifier.height(16.dp)) // visual gap between groups
                 Text(
-                    "[${type.kind.name.take(3)}] ${type.displayName}",
-                    color = c.text, fontFamily = FontFamily.Monospace, fontSize = 13.sp,
+                    header, color = c.textDim, fontFamily = FontFamily.Monospace, fontSize = 11.sp,
+                    modifier = Modifier.padding(bottom = 2.dp),
+                )
+                types.forEach { type ->
+                    Text(
+                        type.displayName,
+                        color = c.text, fontFamily = FontFamily.Monospace, fontSize = 18.sp,
                         modifier = Modifier
                             .fillMaxWidth()
                             .pointerInput(type) { detectTapGestures { onPick(type) } }
-                        .padding(vertical = 6.dp),
+                            .padding(vertical = 8.dp),
                     )
                 }
             }
         }
+    }
 }
 
 /** Auto-generated parameter editor. Presets are managed by the [PresetBar]. */
@@ -310,6 +326,8 @@ private fun ParamEditor(vm: AppViewModel, slot: ToolboxSlot, onClose: () -> Unit
                 when (type) {
                     ToolboxType.NES_SYNTH -> NesSynthEditor(vm, slot)
                     ToolboxType.MIX_TIGHTENER -> MixTightenerEditor(vm, slot)
+                    ToolboxType.TAPE_ENGINE -> TapeEngineEditor(vm, slot)
+                    ToolboxType.GRANULAR -> GranularEditor(vm, slot)
                     ToolboxType.SAMPLER -> SamplerEditor(vm, slot, samplerPad, onSelectPad = { samplerPad = it })
                     ToolboxType.SOUNDFONT -> SoundFontEditor(vm, slot)
                     ToolboxType.DELAY -> DelayEditor(vm, slot)
@@ -338,7 +356,7 @@ private fun ParamEditor(vm: AppViewModel, slot: ToolboxSlot, onClose: () -> Unit
  *  single stacked column. Each [ParamControl] fills its half-width cell (an odd last
  *  param gets an empty cell beside it). */
 @Composable
-private fun ParamGrid(vm: AppViewModel, slot: ToolboxSlot, params: List<ParamSpec>) {
+internal fun ParamGrid(vm: AppViewModel, slot: ToolboxSlot, params: List<ParamSpec>) {
     Column(Modifier.fillMaxWidth(), verticalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(4.dp)) {
         var i = 0
         while (i < params.size) {

app/src/main/java/space/rcmd/android/sizzle/ui/tracker/ArrangementRoll.kt

@@ -94,8 +94,8 @@ fun ArrangementRoll(vm: AppViewModel) {
     val glyphs = remember(measurer) { GlyphCache(measurer) }
 
     val beatWidth = 20.dp
-    val muteColWidth = 34.dp // wide enough to hit comfortably from the screen edge
-    val laneColWidth = 68.dp // mute toggle + block number
+    val muteColWidth = 51.dp // ~1.5× — wider, easy to hit from the screen edge
+    val laneColWidth = 102.dp // mute toggle (51) + block number header (51), both ~1.5×
     val rulerHeight = 18.dp
     val beatWidthPx = with(density) { beatWidth.toPx() }
     val rulerHeightPx = with(density) { rulerHeight.toPx() }

app/src/test/java/space/rcmd/android/sizzle/io/BackupIoTest.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Reactorcoremeltdown
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
+package space.rcmd.android.sizzle.io
+
+import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
+import org.junit.Assert.assertFalse
+import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
+import org.junit.Test
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream
+import java.io.File
+import java.nio.file.Files
+
+/** Round-trip + safety coverage for the whole-app [BackupIo]. */
+class BackupIoTest {
+
+    private fun tempDir(): File = Files.createTempDirectory("backup-test").toFile()
+
+    private fun seed(dir: File) {
+        File(dir, "songs").mkdirs()
+        File(dir, "songs/tune.szg").writeText("SONG-DATA")
+        File(dir, "presets/DELAY").mkdirs()
+        File(dir, "presets/DELAY/slap.szp").writeText("PRESET-DATA")
+        File(dir, "datastore").mkdirs()
+        File(dir, "datastore/app_settings.preferences_pb").writeBytes(byteArrayOf(1, 2, 3, 4))
+        File(dir, "autosave.sng").writeText("AUTO-DATA")
+    }
+
+    @Test fun backupRestoreRoundTripReplacesContent() {
+        val source = tempDir().also { seed(it) }
+        val zip = ByteArrayOutputStream().also { BackupIo.write(source, it) }.toByteArray()
+
+        // Restore into a dir that already holds different + stale data.
+        val target = tempDir()
+        File(target, "songs").mkdirs()
+        File(target, "songs/stale.szg").writeText("STALE") // not in the backup → must go
+
+        assertTrue(BackupIo.read(target, ByteArrayInputStream(zip)))
+
+        assertEquals("SONG-DATA", File(target, "songs/tune.szg").readText())
+        assertFalse("a song absent from the backup is removed", File(target, "songs/stale.szg").exists())
+        assertEquals("PRESET-DATA", File(target, "presets/DELAY/slap.szp").readText())
+        assertEquals("AUTO-DATA", File(target, "autosave.sng").readText())
+        assertArrayEquals(byteArrayOf(1, 2, 3, 4), File(target, "datastore/app_settings.preferences_pb").readBytes())
+        assertFalse("staging is cleaned up", File(target, ".restore_tmp").exists())
+    }
+
+    @Test fun invalidArchiveLeavesDataIntact() {
+        val target = tempDir()
+        File(target, "songs").mkdirs()
+        File(target, "songs/keep.szg").writeText("KEEP")
+
+        assertFalse(BackupIo.read(target, ByteArrayInputStream("this is not a zip".toByteArray())))
+        assertEquals("existing data survives a bad restore file", "KEEP", File(target, "songs/keep.szg").readText())
+    }
+
+    @Test fun emptyZipIsRejected() {
+        val emptyZip = ByteArrayOutputStream().also { java.util.zip.ZipOutputStream(it).close() }.toByteArray()
+        val target = tempDir()
+        File(target, "songs").mkdirs()
+        File(target, "songs/keep.szg").writeText("KEEP")
+
+        assertFalse(BackupIo.read(target, ByteArrayInputStream(emptyZip)))
+        assertEquals("KEEP", File(target, "songs/keep.szg").readText())
+    }
+
+    private fun assertArrayEquals(a: ByteArray, b: ByteArray) =
+        assertTrue("byte arrays differ", a.contentEquals(b))
+}